How Mexico's Small-Scale Farmers Are Nurturing Biodiversity

Mexico is more than just a culinary capital and tourist magnet; it is a global epicenter of agrobiodiversity. As the cradle of some of the world’s most vital crops, such as maize, beans, and chili peppers, Mexico stands as a bastion of genetic diversity and traditional agricultural knowledge. This rich agricultural heritage is sustained not by large corporations but by small-scale producers who serve as the primary food providers for over 54 million people in the country. These participants of the food system are also the frontline defenders of agrobiodiversity, preserving the genetic variability of hundreds of crops.

The second day of the Inter-American Congress on Water, Soil, and Agrobiodiversity (CIASA) 2024 highlighted these critical roles, underscoring the invaluable contributions of small-scale farmers in Mexico. Experts at the conference emphasized how traditional agricultural practices not only ensure food security but also safeguard the genetic wealth that is essential to the future of global agriculture.

Mexico’s status as a world benchmark for genetic diversity is not incidental; it is deeply rooted in the country’s history as a center of origin and domestication for many plant species. From the ancient cultivation of maize by Mesoamerican civilizations to contemporary farming techniques, Mexico’s agricultural landscape has been shaped by a profound understanding of the land and a commitment to biodiversity.

As highlighted by independent consultant Vicente Arriaga Martínez during his keynote lecture at CIASA 2024, traditional agroecosystems play a crucial role in preserving this genetic diversity. Unlike intensive, monocultural farming systems, these traditional systems foster a dynamic process of seed management and selection across agricultural cycles. This interaction between farmers and their crops creates a living library of genetic material, rich in diversity and resilience.

“In traditional agroecosystems, genetic diversity is not just preserved; it is actively created and curated by the very hands that till the soil,” Arriaga Martínez explained. “This is an enriching process that is vital for the adaptability of our crops, especially in the face of climate change and environmental degradation.”

Small-scale producers in Mexico are not just farmers; they are the guardians of genetic variability and the primary drivers of food security. These producers operate in a wide array of environments, from arid valleys to lush highlands, and their work underpins the resilience of Mexico’s food systems. By selecting and saving seeds, practicing crop rotation, and maintaining traditional farming techniques, these farmers are ensuring the survival of countless crop varieties that would otherwise be lost.

Currently, about 41.1% of Mexico’s population relies on the food provided by these small-scale farmers. But their impact extends far beyond feeding the nation. By preserving the genetic material of their crops, they are laying the groundwork for future agricultural innovations, providing the raw material necessary for breeding new varieties that can withstand pests, diseases, and changing climatic conditions.

Diego Montenegro, IICA’s representative in Mexico, emphasized this during a CIASA panel, noting that small-scale producers are “the main generators of agrobiodiversity and genetic variability.” He pointed to the success stories of communities that have embraced agricultural practices and technologies that enhance food systems while preserving biodiversity.

Agrobiodiversity and the Need for Action

Despite their critical role, small-scale producers face significant challenges, including market pressures, climate change, and the encroachment of industrial agriculture. The loss of traditional knowledge, coupled with environmental degradation, threatens to undermine the very foundation of Mexico’s agricultural diversity.

Climate change, in particular, poses a severe threat to agrobiodiversity. Increasing temperatures, unpredictable rainfall, and more frequent extreme weather events are already impacting agricultural productivity. This environmental volatility makes the conservation of genetic diversity even more crucial, as it provides a buffer against crop failure and pest infestations.

To counter these challenges, experts like Arriaga Martínez advocate for a multi-faceted approach that includes strengthening the dissemination of information on the benefits of genetic diversity, promoting the involvement of small-scale producers in research and development, and enhancing local capacities through the systematization and sharing of agricultural innovations. “Encouraging the participation of farmers in the research process is essential,” he noted. “Their traditional knowledge is invaluable and should be integrated into modern agricultural research.”

One of the promising developments discussed at CIASA 2024 was the transition towards regenerative agriculture among some of Mexico’s main agri-food companies. Unlike conventional agricultural models that often degrade the land, regenerative agriculture focuses on restoring soil health, enhancing biodiversity, and supporting local communities. This approach not only aligns with the traditional practices of small-scale farmers but also offers a way to integrate sustainable farming at a larger scale.

The “Agribusiness Vision” discussion at CIASA brought together representatives from leading agri-food companies, who shared their progress in adopting production models that prioritize ecological health and social justice. These companies are beginning to recognize that their future—and the future of global food systems—depends on the preservation of agrobiodiversity and the resilience of small-scale farmers.

The narrative emerging from CIASA 2024 is clear: small-scale producers are indispensable to the preservation of agrobiodiversity and the sustainability of food systems in Mexico and beyond. However, their efforts cannot be isolated. A coordinated strategy that includes policy support, investment in local capacities, and integration of traditional knowledge into scientific research is essential.

Empowering these farmers means not only protecting a vast genetic reservoir but also honoring the cultural heritage that has shaped Mexico’s agricultural landscape for millennia. As the world faces mounting challenges from climate change and environmental degradation, the wisdom of Mexico’s small-scale producers offers a blueprint for a more resilient and sustainable future.

In the words of Arriaga Martínez, “Agrobiodiversity is not just a relic of the past; it is the cornerstone of our food future. And it is the small-scale producers who are its true custodians.” As we look towards a future where food security and environmental resilience are increasingly intertwined, their role as the guarantors of agrobiodiversity becomes ever more critical—and deserving of our recognition, support, and celebration.

At the Forefront of Sustainable Agriculture

In a world increasingly dominated by industrial agriculture, Mexico’s small-scale farmers stand out as champions of a quieter, more sustainable version. These producers, who make up the backbone of the country’s food system, are not just feeding millions but also safeguarding agrobiodiversity through innovative, eco-friendly practices. From Chiapas to the State of Mexico, smallholders are blending traditional knowledge with modern techniques to create resilient agricultural systems that prioritize environmental health, community well-being, and economic viability.

The recent discussions at the Inter-American Congress on Water, Soil, and Agrobiodiversity (CIASA) 2024 showcased the inspiring success stories of these farmers. Under the guidance of Diego Montenegro Ernst, the representative of the Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture (IICA) in Mexico, the event highlighted how these producers are redefining what it means to farm sustainably, proving that you don’t need to sacrifice the planet to feed the people.

María Luisa Gordillo Mendoza, a corn producer from Chiapas, is a prime example of how sustainable practices can revitalize traditional farming. Faced with depleted soils and dwindling yields, María Luisa turned to conservation agriculture—a method that blends crop rotation, organic fertilization, and reduced tillage to enhance soil health. By alternating corn with legumes and producing organic fertilizer from crop residues, she has not only protected local agrobiodiversity but also boosted her productivity dramatically.

“When I started using these techniques, my corn yield jumped from three to 8.5 tons per hectare,” María Luisa proudly shared at CIASA 2024. “This has transformed the well-being of my family, enriched our soil, and allowed us to be part of the solution rather than the problem.”

Her story is a testament to the power of sustainable agriculture: with the right practices, small-scale producers can increase their output while enhancing the ecological integrity of their land.

Further north, in Texcoco, State of Mexico, asparagus farmer Ofelia Arizaga de Soto is another beacon of sustainable innovation. Over the past decade, she has transformed an experimental plot into a thriving asparagus farm, all while maintaining a fierce commitment to ecological stewardship. Collaborating closely with students from the Autonomous University of Chapingo, Ofelia employs manual cultivation techniques to minimize soil disturbance and maximize biodiversity.

“We plant living fences to nourish the soil and use beneficial microorganisms to keep it healthy,” she explained. “Our sprinkler irrigation system conserves water, and we germinate our own seedlings, closing the loop on our production.”

By leveraging these sustainable practices, Ofelia has not only cultivated a successful asparagus operation but also contributed to the broader effort of preserving Mexico’s agricultural heritage. Her approach underscores the importance of integrating academic knowledge with hands-on farming, creating a symbiotic relationship that benefits both the land and the people who work it.

At Agronatural Farm in Texcoco, José Luis Campos Mariscal has taken sustainability a step further, embracing a circular economy model that reduces waste and enhances local food systems. His farm operates on the principle that nothing should go to waste—literally. Through the management of over 500 tons of organic and inorganic waste, Agronatural Farm produces organic fertilizers that support the growth of grains, fodder, and other crops, all while self-financing the farm’s operations.

“We’ve built a network of small-scale producers who work together to manage resources efficiently,” José Luis said. “Our approach is comprehensive: we recycle, regenerate, and reinvest in our land and our community.”

The farm’s emphasis on agroecological practices not only sustains its own operations but also provides a blueprint for other producers looking to achieve financial independence while reducing their environmental footprint. By turning waste into wealth, José Luis and his network of farmers demonstrate the potential of circular agriculture to reshape rural economies.

In the lush, shaded coffee plantations of the Catuaí Amarillo Organization, Esteban Escamilla Prado is brewing more than just high-quality coffee; he’s cultivating a socio-environmental movement. Esteban’s organic coffee is grown under a canopy of shade trees, which not only enhances the flavor profile of the beans but also plays a crucial role in protecting the soil, managing water resources, and preserving local biodiversity.

“Our coffee is more than a crop—it’s a part of Mexico’s biocultural heritage,” Esteban said. “By growing under shade, we ensure better water management, protect the health of the soil, and make the most of the entire ecosystem.”

Esteban’s approach reflects a deep commitment to sustainability that goes beyond organic certification; it’s about creating a farming system that honors both the environment and the cultural traditions that define Mexico’s agricultural landscape. His success on the international market demonstrates that sustainable practices can be economically viable and culturally significant, providing a model for other producers to follow.

The stories of María Luisa, Ofelia, José Luis, and Esteban illustrate a broader trend in Mexico’s agricultural sector: a move towards sustainable, resilient, and community-centered food systems. These small-scale producers are not just adapting to challenges; they are actively redefining the parameters of what is possible in agriculture. Through a mix of traditional wisdom and innovative practices, they are proving that sustainable farming is not only good for the environment but also beneficial for communities and economies.

Agribusiness Giants Are Teaming Up

In the sun-drenched fields of Mexico, where agave and maize have thrived for millennia, a quiet revolution is taking root. This movement, known as regenerative agriculture, promises to reimagine the way we grow food, turning the tide on decades of environmental degradation and rural neglect. While small-scale producers have long been the unsung custodians of agrobiodiversity, major agribusinesses are now stepping up, driven by a new vision that combines sustainability with social justice.

The recent Agribusiness Vision discussion at the Inter-American Congress on Water, Soil, and Agrobiodiversity (CIASA) 2024 brought together key players in Mexico’s agri-food sector, including representatives from PepsiCo, Grupo Lala, Nestlé, and Gruma. These industry leaders shared their progress and ambitions, highlighting how they are aligning their production models with regenerative agriculture principles while also investing in the most vulnerable rural communities. The conversation underscored a shared commitment: improving the livelihoods of small farmers, enhancing biodiversity, and making food production a force for good.

Dulce Santana, Director of the PepsiCo Mexico Foundation, kicked off the discussion by shedding light on how PepsiCo is reshaping its approach to agriculture. For years, PepsiCo has been known for its snacks and beverages, but beneath the surface, the company is deeply involved in the agricultural supply chain, sourcing potatoes, corn, and other ingredients from thousands of small producers across Mexico. Now, PepsiCo is betting big on regenerative agriculture, not just to green its supply chain but to uplift the communities that form its backbone.

“We are working with non-profit organizations and the PepsiCo World Foundation to design high-impact programs that support vulnerable communities,” Santana explained. “Our goals are in line with the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals, and we are focused on ensuring that 100 percent of our production inputs come from sustainable sources.”

One of the most exciting aspects of PepsiCo’s strategy is its emphasis on social justice. Santana highlighted plans to boost the livelihoods of those involved in the agricultural chain, particularly in rural regions where opportunities are scarce. This involves not only sustainable sourcing but also providing training and resources to small farmers to help them thrive in a regenerative agriculture landscape.

Mexico’s dairy industry is also feeling the regenerative winds of change, with Grupo Lala leading the charge. José Edgar Salinas Uribe, Director of Responsibility-Linkage at Grupo Lala and Fundación Lala, painted a vivid picture of the challenges and opportunities facing the sector. In Mexico, nine out of ten milk producers have fewer than 100 cows, and a significant portion of milk production is concentrated in the Comarca Lagunera region, known for its desert climate and water scarcity.

“Water sustainability, soil health, and biodiversity are at the core of our strategy,” Salinas Uribe explained. “We’re not just focusing on milk production; we’re looking at the entire ecosystem that supports it.”

Grupo Lala’s commitment includes reducing greenhouse gas emissions, promoting animal welfare, and safeguarding the region’s natural resources. Their approach blends traditional farming knowledge with cutting-edge technology, such as water recycling systems and regenerative grazing techniques that improve soil health while ensuring the well-being of livestock.

By focusing on these interconnected aspects, Grupo Lala aims to make dairy production not just more sustainable but also more resilient, ensuring that the Comarca Lagunera continues to be a key player in Mexico’s agri-food landscape.

Nestlé Mexico, a heavyweight in the world of coffee and chocolate, is no stranger to the challenges of sustainable sourcing. For years, the company has faced scrutiny over the environmental and social impacts of its supply chains. But as Gonzalo Contreras, Agricultural Manager for Coffee and Cocoa at Nestlé Mexico, outlined during the discussion, the company is making significant strides to align its operations with regenerative principles.

“One of our key targets is to ensure that by 2025, all our coffee and cocoa will be produced using sustainable agriculture practices,” Contreras said. “This is not just about ticking boxes—it’s about fundamentally changing how we work with the land.”

Nestlé’s strategy includes training smallholder farmers in sustainable practices, such as agroforestry, which integrates trees with crops to boost biodiversity and sequester carbon. The goal is to create a positive feedback loop where better farming practices lead to healthier ecosystems, which in turn support higher yields and more stable incomes for farmers.

With these efforts, Nestlé hopes to reduce its carbon footprint significantly while providing consumers with ethically produced products that do not compromise the health of the planet or the well-being of those who grow the beans.

For Gruma, the world’s leading producer of corn flour and tortillas, the stakes are particularly high. Maize is not just a staple food in Mexico; it’s a cultural icon, a symbol of life itself. Yet, intensive farming practices have put the country’s rich agricultural heritage at risk, depleting soils and threatening the livelihoods of small farmers.

Ignacio Castañeda Alday, Gruma’s National Agricultural Leader, shared how the company is working to rewrite the narrative by investing in soil health and farmer well-being. “We are collaborating with research centers like the National Institute of Forestry Research, Agricultural and Livestock Agriculture (INIFAP), and the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) to develop sustainable models that prioritize soil conservation and support farmers,” Castañeda Alday said.

Through these partnerships, Gruma is experimenting with crop rotation, cover cropping, and organic fertilization techniques that rejuvenate the soil while reducing the need for chemical inputs. By aligning its supply chain with sustainability goals, Gruma is not just securing the future of its business but also preserving the cultural legacy of maize farming in Mexico.

Regenerative Agriculture as a Shared Vision

What stands out from these stories is a shared commitment to regenerative agriculture—not just as a set of practices but as a holistic philosophy that values the interconnectedness of soil, water, biodiversity, and human communities. These agribusiness giants recognize that their success is inextricably linked to the well-being of small-scale producers and the health of the ecosystems in which they operate.

The transition to regenerative agriculture represents a monumental shift for companies historically focused on maximizing output and minimizing costs. It’s a move that requires not just new technologies and techniques but also a fundamental rethinking of relationships—with the land, with communities, and with the future.

As Dulce Santana of PepsiCo put it, “This is about more than just meeting sustainability targets; it’s about creating a food system that works for everyone, from the farmer in the field to the consumer at the table.”

The road to regenerative agriculture is neither easy nor straightforward, but it offers a promising path forward. For small-scale producers, it means greater support, more sustainable livelihoods, and a renewed sense of purpose as guardians of Mexico’s agrobiodiversity. For agribusinesses, it’s a chance to rewrite the rules of engagement, proving that profitability and sustainability are not mutually exclusive but can, in fact, thrive together.

The efforts of PepsiCo, Grupo Lala, Nestlé, and Gruma are not just isolated corporate initiatives; they are part of a broader movement that seeks to reimagine agriculture as a regenerative force. As these companies work hand in hand with small-scale producers, they are cultivating more than crops—they are cultivating hope, resilience, and a future where food production nourishes the planet as much as it feeds its people.

This regenerative process, though still in its early stages, holds the potential to transform agriculture from a source of environmental strain to a beacon of ecological renewal. And as Mexico’s agribusiness leaders and small-scale farmers continue to forge this new path together, they are proving that the most sustainable way forward is not to grow more, but to grow better.

Source: Secretaría de Agricultura y Desarrollo Rural. “Productores de pequeña escala, garantes de la agrobiodiversidad y principales proveedores de alimentos del país.” gob.mx, http://www.gob.mx/agricultura/prensa/productores-de-pequena-escala-garantes-de-la-agrobiodiversidad-y-principales-proveedores-de-alimentos-del-pais?idiom=es. Accessed 4 Sept. 2024.