The Mayan Octopus and Its Geographical Indication

In a landmark achievement for marine conservation and local industry, the Mayan octopus from the Yucatan Peninsula has been granted the Protected Geographical Indication (PGI), making it the first of its kind for a fishery in Mexico. This designation not only elevates the status of the Mayan octopus to that of a national treasure but also ensures that its harvesting will be conducted under sustainable production practices. The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development announced this significant milestone, highlighting the importance of preserving both the species and the traditional fishing methods that sustain it.

Published on August 23 by the Mexican Institute of Intellectual Property (IMPI) in the Official Gazette of the Federation (DOF), the PGI status marks a new chapter in the sustainable management of marine resources in Mexico. The designation safeguards the Mayan octopus as a national asset, confining its capture and commercialization exclusively to the fisheries within the Yucatan Peninsula—specifically the states of Yucatan, Quintana Roo, and Campeche. This carefully regulated zone, rich in unique marine biodiversity, will now be the sole source of this sought-after cephalopod, reinforcing the region's cultural and economic ties to its waters.

The Mayan octopus, a species highly prized for its delicate flavor and firm texture, finds its primary markets in Europe and Asia, where discerning consumers appreciate its quality. However, it is not just the octopus itself that is of value, but also the traditional, artisanal methods used to catch it, which have been passed down through generations of local fishers.

What’s in a Name?

To understand the significance of the PGI, it’s essential to grasp the difference between an Appellation of Origin and a Geographical Indication. Both are tools designed to protect products linked to specific regions, but there are subtle distinctions. An Appellation of Origin requires a strong connection between the product and its place of origin, often involving endemic resources and traditional manufacturing techniques. In contrast, a Geographical Indication demands only that one key element—be it the raw materials, production methods, or the product’s name—be tied to its geographical location.

For the Mayan octopus, this means that the species does not necessarily have to be endemic to the Yucatan Peninsula, nor must it adhere to traditional fishing techniques to qualify for protection. However, its identity is irrevocably linked to the region, and that link is what the PGI seeks to safeguard. This approach provides flexibility while ensuring that the essence of the product remains tied to its geographical roots.

The Mayan octopus now stands alongside an illustrious group of Mexican products that boast Geographical Indications, including the cajeta of Sayula (a sweet, caramel-like spread), the intricately carved alebrijes of Oaxaca, the elegant catrinas of Capula, the hammered copper crafts of Santa Clara del Cobre, and the savory butifarra sausage of Jalpa de Méndez. Each of these products reflects the rich cultural heritage of its region, and their protected status not only preserves traditional craftsmanship but also promotes economic development by boosting local tourism and international recognition.

The PGI protection for the Mayan octopus delimits a specific coastal area along the Yucatan Peninsula, including the states of Campeche, Yucatan, and the northern coast of Quintana Roo. This designated zone, which extends from the coastline to a depth of 12 to 15 meters, is a vibrant habitat where the species thrives. The boundaries are marked by the municipality of Isla Mujeres in the northwest of the peninsula and the town of Isla Aguada in the southwest, creating a carefully defined area where sustainable fishing practices can be enforced.

At the core of the PGI designation is a commitment to sustainability. The Mayan octopus fishery is subject to stringent regulations aimed at preserving marine ecosystems and ensuring that fishing practices do not harm the delicate balance of the coastal environment. This involves measures such as seasonal fishing bans, size limits, and the use of non-invasive gear that minimizes environmental impact.

Catching the Mayan Octopus

As part of this protection, an agreement was established that strictly regulates the capture of the Mayan octopus, ensuring it takes place exclusively during daylight hours using the environmentally friendly methods known as gareteo or campechano. These techniques are not just quaint relics of the past but are the key to preserving both the species and the delicate marine environment of the Yucatan Peninsula.

At the heart of the sustainable capture of the Mayan octopus is drift fishing, a method that allows fishermen to harness the power of nature—currents and wind—to guide their vessels and nets, creating a low-impact approach that leaves a minimal carbon footprint. Unlike modern industrial fishing techniques that rely on heavy machinery, drift fishing is a gentle dance with the sea. Here’s how it works: fishermen allow their boats to float naturally with the wind and tidal currents, trailing lines known as jimbas, which are long poles or bamboo sticks strategically positioned at the bow and stern of the boat. This configuration increases the sweeping area along the seabed without causing disruption to the ecosystem.

What makes this technique particularly special is its selective nature. The drift lines used do not have hooks; they are designed specifically to catch only octopuses, allowing other marine life to pass by unscathed. Juvenile octopuses, too small to be of commercial value, are released back into the ocean to grow and contribute to future populations. This approach also protects females that have spawned and are caring for their eggs, ensuring that future generations of octopuses continue to thrive in these waters.

The use of the gareteo or campechano method is not just a nod to tradition; it’s a commitment to sustainability that reflects a deep respect for the ocean. Unlike other fisheries that rely on large amounts of fuel, the vessels engaged in drift fishing use engines only to reach their fishing grounds. Once there, it’s all about the wind and currents—a symbiotic relationship between human and nature that requires skill, patience, and intimate knowledge of the sea. This approach significantly reduces the carbon footprint of the fishery, setting it apart from other, more industrialized forms of fishing that can deplete resources and harm marine environments.

The method is so effective and sustainable that it is now being held up as a model for other fisheries. The published agreement that accompanies the PGI designation specifies that the octopus catch must adhere strictly to this technique, further cementing the Mayan octopus as a product that not only delights taste buds around the world but also sets a standard for environmental stewardship.

The declaration of protection for the Mayan octopus was not an overnight achievement. It is the culmination of efforts by the Ministry of Agriculture, working through the Mexican Institute for Research in Sustainable Fisheries and Aquaculture (IMIPAS). On December 8, 2023, a formal request was submitted to the Mexican Institute of Intellectual Property (IMPI), outlining the need to protect this culturally and economically significant species.

With the protection now in place, the Mayan octopus joins an elite group of products recognized for their geographical and cultural significance. But this designation is more than just a title—it comes with specific criteria that govern the entire process, from the octopus’s extraction and processing to its packaging and distribution. Every step of the journey must adhere to these stringent standards, ensuring that the product maintains its quality and authenticity.

The validity of the PGI designation will persist as long as the conditions that warranted its issuance remain intact. The IMPI will oversee compliance, and any changes that affect the status of the octopus fishery could trigger a review. This means that the protection is not just a one-time deal but a dynamic agreement that evolves with the needs of the environment and the communities that depend on it.

The Lifecycle of the Mayan Octopus

In the crystal-clear waters of the Yucatan Peninsula, a unique and remarkable creature thrives: the Mayan octopus (Octopus maya), an enigmatic cephalopod that has become a symbol of Mexican marine biodiversity. With its soft, symmetrical body, sharp eyes adorned with striking spots (or ocelli), and eight agile arms lined with suction cups, this octopus is not just an important culinary delight but a fascinating study of nature's quirks and complexities.

The Mayan octopus is not just any marine resident; it is an oceanic virtuoso with a life cycle that defies many of the norms seen in other marine species. From its singular breeding habits to its economic impact, the Mayan octopus stands as a benchmark of the Mexican seas, embodying the delicate balance between nature, tradition, and modern commerce.

The Mayan octopus is a true denizen of the Yucatan Peninsula's marine waters, specifically inhabiting the continental shelf that extends along the coastlines of Campeche, Yucatan, and Quintana Roo. Its entire life is a brief yet intense journey shaped by unique reproductive strategies and a lifecycle that seems both poetic and poignant.

Unlike many marine creatures, the Mayan octopus does not go through a larval stage. Instead, its development is direct, with tiny octopuses hatching as miniature versions of their parents. Reaching maturity in about 18 months, this rapid growth is fueled by a diet rich in crustaceans and small fish, which the octopus captures with its dexterous, suction-lined arms.

The breeding cycle of the Mayan octopus is one of its most fascinating aspects. With two peaks of maturity and spawning each year, typically occurring in spring and autumn, the octopus engages in a dramatic dance of life and death. Females breed only once in their lifetime, laying up to 2,000 eggs in a carefully guarded clutch. After tending to their eggs with unwavering dedication, the females die, leaving the next generation to fend for themselves from the moment they hatch. This singular reproductive effort underscores the resilience and beauty of the species, as each generation is born from a cycle of sacrifice and renewal.

The Mayan octopus is not just an ecological wonder; it is also a vital component of the local economy. The 2023 biomass study conducted by the Mexican Institute for Research in Sustainable Fisheries and Aquaculture (IMIPAS) set a recommended catch limit of 21,392 tons for the states of Campeche, Yucatan, and Quintana Roo. This carefully calculated figure aims to strike a balance between commercial interests and the sustainability of the octopus population.

Despite a challenging year marked by weather adversities, fluctuating market prices, trade instability, and the persistent issue of illegal fishing, the actual catch for 2023 amounted to 19,895 tons—93 percent of the established goal. This near-target achievement is a testament to the resilience of both the octopus and the fishing communities that depend on it. It reflects a delicate balancing act: extracting economic value without compromising the ecological health of the species.

Operating a fishery in the turbulent waters of the Gulf of Mexico is no small feat. Fishers contend with seasonal weather patterns that can be as unpredictable as the octopus itself, impacting both catch rates and safety. In addition, market fluctuations mean that the price of octopus can vary significantly, making each haul a financial gamble. The instability of trade, particularly with major markets in Europe and Asia, further complicates the business, while illegal fishing remains a persistent shadow that threatens to undermine the sustainability efforts of responsible fishers.

Despite these challenges, the near-target catch numbers for 2023 are a positive outcome. They highlight the effectiveness of the sustainable fishing practices mandated by the recent Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) designation. By limiting capture to daylight hours and using traditional, environmentally friendly methods like gareteo and campechano, fishers are not only preserving the octopus population but also reducing bycatch and protecting spawning females—a crucial element for the species' continued survival.

Beyond its ecological and economic roles, the Mayan octopus has carved out a niche as a culinary delight, cherished by chefs and food lovers alike. Its tender, flavorful meat is a staple in many traditional Yucatecan dishes, where it is often grilled, stewed, or served with tangy citrus marinades that highlight its delicate texture. Internationally, the octopus is exported to markets in Europe and Asia, where it is celebrated for its quality and versatility in a wide range of dishes.

But the Mayan octopus is more than just a menu item; it is a cultural icon. The traditional fishing methods used to catch it have been passed down through generations, forming an integral part of the coastal communities' heritage. These techniques, now protected under the PGI status, are as much about preserving cultural traditions as they are about ensuring environmental sustainability.

The Future of the Mayan Octopus

Looking ahead, the future of the Mayan octopus will depend on the continued commitment to sustainable practices and the ability to adapt to an ever-changing environment. Climate change, market dynamics, and regulatory shifts will all play roles in shaping the trajectory of this fishery. However, the recent achievements in sustainable management provide a strong foundation on which to build.

The PGI designation, the adherence to traditional fishing methods, and the robust scientific monitoring of biomass are all critical components of a strategy that aims to safeguard the species while supporting local economies. As a symbol of resilience and adaptability, the Mayan octopus reminds us that the ocean's treasures are not inexhaustible and that careful stewardship is essential if we are to enjoy these gifts for generations to come.

The Mayan octopus is much more than an enigmatic creature of the sea; it is a benchmark of the Mexican waters, representing the harmonious blend of tradition, sustainability, and economic viability. Its lifecycle, marked by a unique reproductive strategy and a poignant commitment to the next generation, mirrors the delicate balance that must be struck in its management. Through careful regulation, community engagement, and a profound respect for natural processes, the Mayan octopus fishery has become a model of how to achieve success without sacrificing the future.

In the world of marine conservation and sustainable fisheries, the Mayan octopus stands as both a challenge and an inspiration. It tells the story of a species that has adapted to its environment in extraordinary ways and of the human communities that have adapted alongside it, finding innovative solutions to complex problems. As we look to the future, the Mayan octopus remains a quirky, captivating emblem of what is possible when tradition and modernity swim in sync.

Source: Secretaría de Agricultura y Desarrollo Rural. “Otorgan Indicación Geográfica al pulpo Maya de la península de Yucatán, primera pesquería mexicana considerada un bien nacional: Agricultura.” gob.mx, http://www.gob.mx/agricultura/prensa/otorgan-indicacion-geografica-al-pulpo-maya-de-la-peninsula-de-yucatan-primera-pesqueria-mexicana-considerada-un-bien-nacional-agricultura?idiom=es. Accessed 7 Sept. 2024.